When you participate in a 401(k) plan, both your contributions and your employer’s contributions can help you build retirement savings. However, not all the money in your account may fully belong to you right away. Employer contributions typically follow a vesting schedule, meaning you earn the right to keep those funds over time. If you leave your job before becoming fully vested, you might forfeit some or all of the employer contributions made on your behalf.
A financial advisor can help you assess how vesting affects your retirement strategy.
Vesting Basics
Vesting refers to the percentage of employer contributions to your 401(k) that you own outright. Your salary deferrals, the money you contribute, are always 100% vested. No matter when you leave your job, you cannot lose your contributions. However, your employer’s matching or profit-sharing contributions are usually subject to a vesting period.
If you leave your job before becoming fully vested, you will forfeit any unvested employer contributions and the investment earnings they generated.
So, what happens to 401(k) money that is not vested? Typically, the money you forfeit returns to the employer’s 401(k) plan to cover administrative costs. The company may also redistribute it among the remaining participants.
What Happens to Money in a 401(k) That Isn’t Vested?
If you leave your job before you are fully vested, you forfeit the unvested portion of employer contributions and any associated earnings. These amounts stay in the employer’s plan. This is either to reduce costs or to share among other employees, depending on the plan’s terms.
However, any vested funds, including your contributions and vested employer contributions, are yours to keep. You can choose to leave the money in the plan or roll it over into another retirement account. You can also cash it out, although this can trigger significant taxes and penalties.
Properly managing what happens to both vested and unvested funds when you change jobs can have a lasting impact on your retirement savings. If you are unsure of your vesting status or the best rollover strategy, a financial advisor can help clarify your options.
Vesting Schedules
Employers can apply different vesting schedules that determine when you gain full ownership of employer contributions.
- Immediate vesting: Some employers allow workers to own 100% of employer contributions right away. This is common in competitive industries aiming to attract and retain top talent.
- Cliff vesting: Under this arrangement, you must work for the company for a specific period, often three years. If you leave before that time, you forfeit all employer contributions. Once you meet the required tenure, you become fully vested immediately.
- Graded vesting: Graded vesting increases ownership in increments. For example, you might vest 20% per year over five years until reaching 100%.
Federal rules set limits on how long vesting can take, usually capping at six years for graded schedules and three years for cliff schedules.
Immediately Vested Contributions and Other Events
While many employer contributions are subject to vesting, certain amounts and events result in immediate vesting.
- Employee Contributions: Your salary deferrals are always fully vested.
- Safe Harbor Contributions: Employers who make safe harbor contributions (to satisfy IRS nondiscrimination testing) must immediately vest those contributions.
- Rollover Contributions: If you roll money into your 401(k) from another qualified retirement plan, those funds are fully vested.
- Plan Termination: If your employer terminates the 401(k) plan, all participants typically become 100% vested.
- Reaching Normal Retirement Age: Some plans specify that employees become fully vested upon reaching a defined retirement age, even if they have not completed the vesting schedule.
Strategies to Maximize Vesting
While you cannot always control a company’s vesting schedule, there are strategies to help maximize the amount of employer contributions you ultimately keep.
Before accepting a new job offer, review the employer’s 401(k) plan documents to understand the vesting schedule. Some employers offer immediate vesting, especially in competitive industries, while others follow longer graded or cliff vesting timelines.
If you are considering changing jobs, it may be worth timing your departure to coincide with key vesting milestones. For example, if you are just months away from becoming fully vested, staying longer could mean keeping thousands of additional dollars in employer contributions.
Finally, if you have negotiating power, such as during executive hiring discussions, you may be able to request accelerated or immediate vesting as part of your total compensation package. While this is less common, it can be an option for high-level hires or those in industries facing talent shortages.
Bottom Line
Vesting rules play a crucial role in determining how much of your 401(k) balance you can take with you when leaving a job. While your contributions are always fully vested, employer contributions often require you to meet certain service requirements. Knowing what happens to 401(k) money that is not vested can help you avoid surprises and make better career and financial decisions.
Tips for Retirement Planning
- Planning for retirement takes a lot more than just saving money. It’s important to create a plan from your long-term financial goals and work backward. A financial advisor can help you do just that with their expertise. Finding a financial advisor doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with vetted financial advisors who serve your area, and you can have a free introductory call with your advisor matches to decide which one you feel is right for you. If you’re ready to find an advisor who can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now.
- A retirement calculator can help you estimate whether you’re saving enough for retirement.
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